Discussion
The dominant charging mechanism in thunderstorms is believed to be
Answer: C
Correct answer: non-inductive charge transfer during graupel ice collisions
Riming graupel colliding with small ice crystals in the presence of supercooled water exchanges charge, and the sign depends on the temperature and the liquid water content. The mechanism is non-inductive because it requires no pre-existing field, which is what allows electrification to begin from nothing. The updraught and gravity then separate the two - light crystals carried up, heavy graupel falling - which is what builds the field.
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