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Charge in a thundercloud is carried principally by

  • A.free electrons moving through the air
  • B.the air molecules themselves
  • C.cosmic ray secondaries only
  • D.hydrometeors rather than by free ions

Answer: D

Ice crystals, graupel and droplets carry the charge and are transported by air motion and gravity. Free ion mobility is far too low to build the charge centres observed. Bulk transport of charged particles does the work.

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