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All of the following are required for a thunderstorm to electrify EXCEPT

  • A.graupel and ice crystals colliding
  • B.an updraught to separate the charged particles
  • C.a cloud top warmer than the freezing level
  • D.supercooled liquid water in the mixed phase region

Answer: C

A cloud whose top is warmer than freezing contains no ice and cannot charge by this mechanism. The other three are the accepted requirements. Warm clouds do not produce lightning of any consequence. Ice is indispensable to the charging mechanism.

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