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The main practical reason orographic programmes dominate operational seeding is that

  • A.orographic clouds contain no ice nuclei whatever of their own at all
  • B.mountain areas receive no natural precipitation at all
  • C.aircraft are quite unnecessary over mountainous terrain
  • D.the cloud is anchored to fixed terrain and is easy to target

Answer: D

Correct answer: the cloud is anchored to fixed terrain and is easy to target

An orographic cloud forms where the air is lifted over the ridge and stays there while the wind blows, so ground generators in fixed positions can seed it reliably and the target area does not move. A convective cell must be found, intercepted and treated within minutes, which is far harder and far more expensive.

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