Discussion
Assertion (A): Wave setup must be included in coastal flood level estimates.
Reason (R): It can add a substantial fraction of a metre on top of the surge and tide.
Answer: A
Correct answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
Both are true and the reason gives the magnitude. At roughly a fifth of the breaking wave height, setup during a severe storm can add half a metre or more to the level against which a defence must work - a substantial addition on top of the tide and surge, and one that occurs precisely when those are also at their worst. Omitting it understates the design water level in the very condition that matters.
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