Discussion
Match each contribution to extreme water level with its origin.
List I
A. Astronomical tide
B. Storm surge
C. Wave setup
D. Wave runup
List II
1. momentum flux from breaking waves
2. gravitational forcing by moon and sun
3. uprush of individual waves on the slope
4. wind stress and low atmospheric pressure
Answer: C
Correct answer: A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
Extreme water level is built up from four contributions of quite different origin. The astronomical tide is the gravitational forcing of moon and sun. Storm surge is wind stress piling water against the coast together with the inverse barometer effect of low pressure. Wave setup is the raised mean level produced by the momentum flux of breaking waves. Runup is the uprush of individual waves above that level.
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