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The principal failure modes of a caisson breakwater are

  • A.sliding, overturning and foundation bearing failure
  • B.armour displacement, filter washout and toe scour
  • C.leg breakage, interlock loss and progressive failure
  • D.vegetation loss, blowout formation and dune breach

Answer: A

Correct answer: sliding, overturning and foundation bearing failure

A caisson is a gravity structure, so it fails as one: it slides horizontally on its rubble base, it overturns about its heel, or the foundation beneath it fails in bearing. All three are checked under the wave pressure distribution given by Goda, including the uplift, which reduces the effective weight and so worsens both sliding and bearing. The other options belong to rubble mounds, concrete armour and dunes.

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