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Toe protection to a rubble mound is provided principally to

  • A.improve the appearance of the structure at low tide
  • B.provide access for maintenance vehicles along the toe
  • C.support the armour and resist scour at the base of the slope
  • D.reduce the overtopping discharge over the crest of the structure

Answer: C

Undermining at the toe removes the support that the armour above depends upon. Toe failure is among the commonest initiating causes of breakwater damage. Many failures can be traced back to the toe. It is also the least accessible part to inspect.

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