Discussion
Which mass fraction of the atmosphere lies below 5.5 kilometres?
Answer: C
Pressure at 5.5 kilometres is close to 500 hectopascals, half the surface value, and under hydrostatic balance the pressure is proportional to the mass above, so exactly half the atmosphere lies below. This gives the 500 hectopascal surface its special status in synoptic analysis. The result follows in one line from hydrostatic balance and is worth deriving rather than memorising. Working one numerical case through both cases side by side fixes the distinction better than any rule of thumb.
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