Discussion
Which of these is an example of non-volatile storage?
Answer: C
Correct answer: Hard disk
A hard disk retains its contents without power, storing data as magnetic patterns on rotating platters, so it is non-volatile. Solid-state drives, flash memory, optical discs and ROM are non-volatile for the same reason. The other three are all volatile and lose their contents the moment power is removed. Registers sit inside the processor and are the fastest storage of all, holding the operands of the current instruction. SRAM cache comes next, built from flip-flops and needing no refresh. DRAM main memory stores each bit as charge on a capacitor that leaks, so it must be refreshed thousands of times a second - which is exactly why it is volatile. These form the memory hierarchy: as one moves outward from registers to cache to main memory to disk, capacity rises and cost per bit falls, while speed falls by orders of magnitude at each step. Volatility changes at the last step.
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