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The aerodynamic balance of a manual control is checked across a range of incidence as well as deflection because

  • A.Only the deflection range is certified
  • B.The hinge moment derivatives vary with both, and overbalance may appear only in a corner
  • C.The tunnel can only test one incidence at a time, so the range must be built up piecewise
  • D.Incidence has no effect on hinge moments

Answer: B

Both derivatives vary with incidence and with deflection, so a surface can be well behaved in the middle of the range and overbalanced at a large deflection combined with a high incidence. Since that corner is where a pilot might be recovering from an upset, it is exactly the case that must be cleared. Incidence certainly does affect hinge moments, through the local flow over the surface's nose. And certification covers the whole usable envelope.

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