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At transonic speed a manual control can become unmanageably heavy because

  • A.The surface loses all effectiveness
  • B.The trim tab reverses
  • C.Shock formation over the surface changes the pressure distribution and the hinge moment
  • D.The gearing changes with Mach number as the control run components expand thermally

Answer: C

Local shocks alter the pressure distribution ahead of and behind the hinge, so the hinge moment can rise sharply and even change character, which was the practical barrier that forced the move to powered controls on early jets. Gearing is mechanical and fixed. Effectiveness falls but does not vanish. And a trim tab does not reverse, though its effectiveness changes along with everything else on the surface.

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