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Which additional effect reduces the buoyancy of a cloudy parcel?

  • A.The Coriolis force
  • B.The reduction in pressure with height, which lowers the density of the environment faster than that of the parcel
  • C.The weight of the condensed water it carries
  • D.The release of latent heat, which warms the parcel and therefore reduces the density difference driving it

Answer: C

Condensed water and ice are carried along with the air and add to its weight, an effect known as water loading that can reduce the buoyancy by an amount equivalent to a kelvin or more in a heavily precipitating updraught. Latent heat release increases rather than decreases the buoyancy. The loading is one reason observed updraughts fall short of the parcel theory prediction. Reading the definition literally, rather than recalling a formula, is the reliable route through questions of this shape.

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