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Which structure does a rising thermal develop?

  • A.A vortex ring with air circulating through the top
  • B.A rigid sphere that rises without any exchange of air with the environment through which it is passing
  • C.A flat sheet
  • D.A narrow column of constant diameter extending from the surface to the top of the boundary layer above

Answer: A

Laboratory and field observations show a thermal developing into a vortex ring, with air rising through the centre, spreading at the top and being swept round to the rear where it mixes with the environment. That circulation is what makes entrainment so effective. Glider pilots exploit the structure by circling in the core where the ascent is strongest. Naming the cost of a choice alongside its benefit is what turns a fact into a design decision.

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