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Which process dilutes the buoyancy of a thermal as it rises?

  • A.Adiabatic expansion, which cools the thermal at the same rate as the environment cools with increasing height
  • B.Entrainment of environmental air
  • C.Detrainment, which is the expulsion of air from the thermal into the surrounding environment near its top
  • D.Radiative cooling

Answer: B

Mixing cooler drier environmental air into the thermal reduces both its temperature excess and its moisture, so the buoyancy declines with height and the thermal eventually stops. Narrow thermals entrain proportionally more and rise less far. Adiabatic expansion cools the thermal but cools the environment equally, so it does not by itself alter the difference between them. Working one numerical case through both cases side by side fixes the distinction better than any rule of thumb.

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