Discussion
Which design change most directly reduces both production cost and operating cost?
Answer: A
Correct answer: Reducing the empty weight
Empty weight drives both halves of the equation. On the production side, engineering, tooling and manufacturing hours all scale with weight in the parametric relations, so a lighter aircraft costs less to design and build. On the operating side, less weight means less lift, less induced drag and less fuel burnt for the same mission.
The others help only one side or neither: more wing area or more engines add weight, cost and drag, and a higher cruise Mach number raises both the design difficulty and the fuel burn.
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