Discussion
The constant losses of a dc machine comprise
Answer: C
Correct answer: iron loss together with friction and windage
The constant losses are those that do not vary with load: hysteresis and eddy current loss in the armature iron, which depend on flux and speed, and the mechanical losses of bearing friction, brush friction and windage. The shunt field copper loss is usually counted with them, since the field current is held constant. The armature copper loss is the variable one, rising with the square of the current.
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