Discussion
The variable loss of a dc machine is
Answer: D
Correct answer: armature copper loss
The armature copper loss is \( I_a^2 R_a \), so it rises with the square of the load current and is the only significant loss that varies with load. Iron, friction and windage losses depend on flux and speed, both held constant in normal operation, and the shunt field loss depends on the terminal voltage. The division into constant and variable losses is what makes the maximum efficiency condition so simple.
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