Discussion
The torque of a dc series motor below saturation varies as
Answer: C
Correct answer: the square of the armature current
In a series machine the field carries the armature current, so below saturation \( \Phi \propto I_a \), and
\[ T = k\Phi I_a \propto I_a^2 \]This square law is what gives the series motor its enormous starting torque: doubling the current quadruples the torque, which is precisely what a tram or a crane needs when starting under load.
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