Discussion
Above saturation, the torque of a dc series motor varies as
Answer: D
Correct answer: the armature current, in nearly direct proportion
Once the iron saturates the flux can grow no further, so \( \Phi \) becomes effectively constant and
\[ T = k\Phi I_a \propto I_a \]The characteristic therefore straightens out at high currents, and the series motor behaves much like a shunt machine there. The square law applies only in the unsaturated region, which is where the machine works at starting.
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