Discussion
Which of the following biases impacted Post World War II development projects ?
Answer: D
The biases were pro-literacy, pro-innovation and pro-mass media.
The dominant paradigm of the late 1940s to the 1970s, which Everett Rogers later criticised, treated development as modernisation. Literacy and media exposure were taken as indices of it (Daniel Lerner), mass media were seen as a 'magic multiplier' (Wilbur Schramm), and the diffusion model Rogers himself developed carried what he later called a pro-innovation bias. Option D names that trio. The key rests on this standard summary rather than on one fixed list in a single source.
Option B describes the alternative, participatory paradigm that replaced it, not the biases of the older one. Option A has 'pro-rich' and 'pro-capitalist', which are loose labels, not the usual summary of the paradigm, and option C pairs 'pro-poor', the opposite of the critique, with 'pro-development'.
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