Discussion
What causes input offset voltage in a bipolar pair?
Answer: A
Differences in junction area, doping and load resistance mean the two sides need slightly different base voltages to carry equal currents, and that difference is the offset. Tail impedance governs common-mode rejection, and neither supply nor source impedance produces it. Because it is a matching problem rather than an absolute one, offset is far smaller in an integrated pair made side by side on one chip than in two separately packaged devices. Most errors here come from carrying a result across from a neighbouring case where it does not hold.
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