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What limits the common-mode range at its lower end?

  • A.The output swing runs out at the lower rail
  • B.The tail current source needs headroom
  • C.The collector loads saturate the devices
  • D.The input devices' breakdown voltage is reached

Answer: B

Taking both inputs down eventually leaves the tail source without enough voltage across it to behave as a current source, and the pair's operation collapses. The upper end is limited instead by the input devices saturating against their collector loads. Breakdown and output swing are separate limits. That the two ends of the range are set by different mechanisms is why they are rarely symmetrical about the supply midpoint. Reading the definition literally, rather than recalling a formula, is the reliable route through questions of this shape.

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