Discussion
Why has headroom become scarcer in modern integrated design?
Answer: D
Digital scaling has driven supplies from fifteen volts to under two, while a transistor still needs a few hundred millivolts across it to behave properly, so the number of devices that can be stacked has fallen sharply. Thresholds have fallen rather than risen, and saturation and compliance requirements are unchanged. A constraint that tightened because of changes elsewhere in the technology is what drove folded cascodes and rail-to-rail input stages.
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