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What does a rail-to-rail input stage use to extend its common-mode range?

  • A.Complementary pairs working over different parts of the range
  • B.A cascode above a single differential pair
  • C.A larger tail current in one pair
  • D.An active load with extra compliance

Answer: A

One pair works near the negative rail and a complementary pair near the positive, with the two handing over in the middle so that the inputs may reach both supplies. A cascode, a larger current and a compliant load all address other limits. The handover brings its own problem, since the offset changes as the stage switches from one pair to the other, which is a characteristic weakness worth knowing before such a device is chosen for precision work.

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