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Which failure appears as small pits on the tooth flank?

  • A.Scuffing, which appears as radial scratches along the direction of sliding and indicates a failure of the oil film
  • B.Spalling
  • C.Plastic deformation, which appears as a rolled over edge at the tip of the tooth where the material has flowed
  • D.Contact fatigue or pitting

Answer: D

Repeated contact stress initiates subsurface cracks that break out as small pits, which then grow and coalesce into spalling. It is the classic fatigue failure of a gear flank. Scuffing is a lubrication failure with a quite different appearance. Naming what changes and what stays the same is the reliable route through questions of this shape. Most errors here come from carrying across a result from a neighbouring case where it does not hold.

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