Discussion
A half-wave rectifier has a ripple factor of
Answer: A
For a half-wave output the ripple factor follows from the form factor:
\[ \begin{aligned} r &= \sqrt{\left(\tfrac{I_{rms}}{I_{dc}}\right)^{2} - 1} \\ &= \sqrt{1.57^{2}-1} = 1.21 \end{aligned} \]
so 1.21, meaning the ripple exceeds the direct component. 0.48 is the full-wave figure. 0.707 and 1.57 are the root-mean-square factor and the form factor themselves. A ripple factor above unity is the clearest statement of why a half-wave rectifier needs heavy filtering. Working one numerical case through both schemes side by side fixes the distinction better than any rule of thumb.
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