Discussion
A rectifier's output has a direct component of \( 20 \ \mathrm{V} \) and a ripple of \( 2 \ \mathrm{V} \) root-mean-square. Its ripple factor is
Answer: C
The definition is the ratio of the two:
\[ r = \frac{2}{20} = 0.1 \]
so 0.1, or ten per cent - respectable for a simple capacitor filter. Ten inverts the ratio, and the remaining values double or halve it. Expressing ripple as a fraction of the direct output rather than as an absolute voltage is what makes two supplies of different voltages comparable.
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