Discussion
A full-wave bridge with a \( 20 \ \mathrm{V} \) peak secondary and a capacitor filter gives a direct output of about
Answer: D
Two diodes conduct in series on each half cycle:
\[ V_{dc} \approx 20 - 2(0.7) = 18.6 \ \mathrm{V} \]
so about 18.6 V before allowing for ripple and regulation. Twenty volts ignores the drops, 19.3 V counts only one, and 12.7 V is the root-mean-square value of an unfiltered sine, which a capacitor filter does not produce. Counting how many junctions the current passes through is a small point that changes the answer by a volt and a half. Working one numerical case through both schemes side by side fixes the distinction better than any rule of thumb.
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