Discussion
Which quantity does horizontal divergence measure?
Answer: A
Divergence is the fractional rate of increase of the horizontal area of a fluid element, so positive values mean the element is spreading out and negative values mean it is contracting. Rotation about a vertical axis is vorticity, circulation is the loop integral of velocity, and area-preserving distortion is deformation. Together these four quantities describe every way in which the local velocity gradient can affect a fluid element, and separating them cleanly is the foundation of kinematic analysis in this subject.
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