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Which alternative diagnostic avoids the noise of the kinematic method?

  • A.The quasi-geostrophic omega equation
  • B.The thermal wind relation, which gives the vertical shear from the horizontal temperature gradient
  • C.The vorticity equation
  • D.The hypsometric equation, which relates the thickness of a layer to its mean virtual temperature

Answer: A

The omega equation diagnoses vertical motion from the vorticity advection and the thermal advection, both of which are far more robustly analysed than divergence. It is derived by combining the quasi-geostrophic vorticity and thermodynamic equations to eliminate the time derivatives. The thermal wind and hypsometric relations are diagnostic relations among other fields, and the vorticity equation is an ingredient rather than the result. Most errors here come from carrying a result across from a neighbouring case where it does not hold.

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