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Which boundary condition applies to omega at the ground?

  • A.It equals the vertical velocity of the air multiplied by the density of the air at that same level
  • B.It is very small but not exactly zero over sloping terrain
  • C.It is exactly zero everywhere because air cannot pass through the surface of the Earth at any point
  • D.It equals the surface pressure tendency

Answer: B

The kinematic condition requires the flow to be parallel to the surface, which gives a vertical velocity equal to the wind dotted with the terrain slope, so omega is small over flat ground and appreciable over mountains. It also includes a contribution from the local pressure tendency and from the horizontal advection of surface pressure. Treating it as exactly zero is an approximation valid only over flat terrain. The quantity that varies and the quantity that does not are worth naming before any substitution is attempted.

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