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Which term describes vertical motion forced by the boundary layer under a cyclone?

  • A.Ekman pumping
  • B.Orographic lifting, which occurs where the horizontal flow is forced up a sloping surface beneath it
  • C.Convective entrainment
  • D.Isentropic upglide, in which air ascends along a sloping surface of constant potential temperature

Answer: A

Convergence in the frictional layer beneath a cyclonic circulation forces air upward out of the boundary layer, with a vertical velocity proportional to the relative vorticity above. This is the mechanism by which friction spins a vortex down over a few days. Orographic lifting, entrainment and isentropic upglide are all genuine sources of vertical motion but arise from quite different causes. A single measurement chosen to respond to the one asymmetry beats several that respond to shared behaviour.

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