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Which approach avoids computing the small residual in the tendency equation?

  • A.Predicting vorticity rather than pressure
  • B.Using a much finer horizontal grid so that the divergence field is resolved with far greater accuracy
  • C.Averaging over a longer time interval
  • D.Measuring the surface pressure at many more stations so that the tendency may be observed directly

Answer: A

Charney's insight was that the vorticity equation does not contain the troublesome residual, so forecasting vorticity and recovering the height field by inversion avoids the problem entirely. That is why the first successful numerical forecast integrated the barotropic vorticity equation. Finer grids and longer averaging do not remove a cancellation that is intrinsic to the formulation.

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