Discussion
Which reformulation combines the two classical forcing terms into one?
Answer: D
Hoskins showed that the two terms can be written as the divergence of a single vector Q, which removes the frequent cancellation between them and makes the forcing much easier to interpret. Convergence of Q forces ascent. The Sutcliffe form is a related earlier simplification, the Sawyer-Eliassen equation concerns cross-frontal circulations, and potential vorticity inversion addresses the balanced flow rather than the vertical motion directly. Working one numerical case through both cases side by side fixes the distinction better than any rule of thumb.
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