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Which of the following is not a source of large-scale vertical motion?

Molecular diffusion

Frictional convergence

Orographic forcing

Warm advection

  • A.Frictional convergence
  • B.Orographic forcing
  • C.Warm advection
  • D.Molecular diffusion

Answer: D

Molecular diffusion operates on scales of millimetres and timescales of days, so it plays no part whatever in generating large-scale vertical motion. Frictional convergence, orography and thermal advection are all genuine and quantitatively important sources. Recognising which processes are simply too slow or too small to matter is as valuable as knowing which ones dominate.

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