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Which resolution allows convection to be represented explicitly?

  • A.About one hundred metres, below which the turbulent eddies within the cloud must also be resolved fully
  • B.About one kilometre or finer
  • C.About ten kilometres, at which the largest individual convective cells begin to be resolved adequately
  • D.About fifty kilometres

Answer: B

Convection permitting models run at grid spacings of about one kilometre, which resolves the largest updraughts well enough to dispense with a deep convection scheme, though shallow convection is still parameterised. At 100 metres the model becomes large eddy simulation, resolving the turbulence within the cloud as well, which remains too expensive for operational forecasting over any large domain. Naming the cost of a choice alongside its benefit is what turns a fact into a design decision.

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