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Which circulation does a localised tropical heat source drive?

  • A.A symmetric outflow in every direction, since the tropical atmosphere has no preferred direction there
  • B.A purely local overturning
  • C.A meridional circulation confined to the longitude at which the heating is occurring at that moment
  • D.A Gill pattern of Kelvin and Rossby wave responses

Answer: D

Gill's solution shows a Kelvin wave response extending eastward and a pair of Rossby gyres to the west and poleward of the heating, which is the standard model of the atmospheric response to tropical convection. The asymmetry arises because Kelvin waves travel east and Rossby waves west. This pattern explains the observed circulation associated with the Madden-Julian Oscillation and with El Nino heating anomalies. Checking the units of each quantity catches a wrong formula before the arithmetic begins.

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