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Which quantity is used to measure the strength of the Hadley circulation?

  • A.The zonal mean meridional streamfunction
  • B.The velocity potential at 200 hectopascals averaged around a latitude circle over a suitable period
  • C.The surface pressure difference between the equator and thirty degrees latitude in each hemisphere
  • D.The total precipitation falling within the intertropical convergence zone during the season concerned

Answer: A

The mass flux of the meridional overturning is expressed as a streamfunction in the latitude-height plane, whose maximum value gives the strength of the cell in units of kilograms per second. Typical winter values reach about \( 2 \times 10^{11} \) kilograms per second. Velocity potential describes the divergent circulation in the horizontal, and precipitation and pressure differences are indirect indicators at best. A limit that survives making every external component ideal is an intrinsic one, and worth knowing for that reason.

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