Discussion
Assertion (A): Hot isostatic pressing can close porosity that ordinary sintering leaves behind.
Reason (R): Applied gas pressure provides a driving force for pore closure additional to surface energy.
Answer: D
Correct answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
Both are true and the reason gives the mechanism. Ordinary sintering is driven only by surface energy, which becomes very weak once the pores are small and isolated. Hot isostatic pressing adds a large external gas pressure acting to close them, so residual porosity of a per cent or two can be removed entirely - which is why it is used for critical components where a single pore would be a failure origin.
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