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Step-by-step numerical integration is preferred to Duhamel's integral for earthquake analysis mainly because it

  • A.is exact for every time step size that might be chosen
  • B.handles inelastic behaviour and irregular records naturally
  • C.requires no information about the damping of the structure
  • D.gives the peak response without computing the whole history

Answer: B

Correct answer: handles inelastic behaviour and irregular records naturally

Step-by-step integration advances the solution one small interval at a time, so the stiffness can be updated whenever a member yields - something superposition cannot accommodate.

An earthquake record is also a long irregular series of digitised values, which the marching scheme consumes directly. It is not exact for any time step, it needs the damping like any other method, and it produces the whole history from which the peak is then read.

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