Discussion
For earthquake analysis, the vertical degrees of freedom of a building are often neglected because
Answer: C
Correct answer: the horizontal response usually governs the design
Structures are designed to carry gravity, so they already have substantial vertical stiffness and strength, and their vertical periods are very short. Lateral resistance is the scarce commodity, and it is horizontal shaking that produces the demands buildings fail under.
The simplification is not universal: vertical motion matters for long-span floors and cantilevers, and for structures near the fault. Columns certainly have axial stiffness and vertical ground motion certainly exists - the neglect is a judgement about what governs.
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