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How many modes does the classical lateral-directional problem have?

  • A.One
  • B.Three
  • C.Two
  • D.Four

Answer: B

There are three: the Dutch roll oscillation, the roll subsidence and the spiral. The quartic has four roots, but two of them form the single complex pair of the Dutch roll, so four roots give three named modes. Two would be the longitudinal count. Saying four confuses roots with modes, a distinction worth holding since a complex pair always describes one oscillation rather than two behaviours. One mode would leave three roots unaccounted for, and no aeroplane behaves that simply.

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