Discussion
Which longitudinal variable shows the largest relative excursion in a well-developed short-period oscillation?
Answer: C
Angle of attack carries the short period, together with the pitch rate that produces it. The mode is over in a second or two, so the aeroplane's mass prevents any appreciable change of forward speed, and there is no time to gain or lose useful height either. Speed and altitude are the phugoid's variables, not the short period's, which is exactly the separation the two approximations exploit. Thrust is a control input rather than a state, and it is normally held fixed while the mode is measured; an engine could not respond that fast in any case.
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