Discussion
On a test flight the crew apply a crisp elevator doublet. The response is an incidence oscillation that visibly overshoots several times before settling, at a period of about two seconds.
What does the record indicate?
Answer: A
Several visible overshoots at a two-second period mean a genuine short period whose damping ratio is positive but too low: at a well-damped 0.5 or 0.6 the motion is over within a fraction of a cycle, so multiple overshoots point to something nearer 0.15 or 0.2. That is Level 3 territory in the requirements and usually calls for a pitch damper. Correct damping would not overshoot repeatedly. The phugoid is excluded by the period alone, which would be tens of seconds. A divergence would not oscillate at all, and would grow rather than settle.
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