Discussion
Which mode is of primary interest when computing gust load factors for structural design?
Answer: C
A vertical gust acts directly on incidence, and it is the short period that governs how that incidence, and therefore the load factor, builds and decays. The peak load arrives within the first fraction of a second, long before the phugoid could respond at all. The phugoid's duration is irrelevant to a peak load, since its incidence excursion is negligible. Gust loads are emphatically not static: the dynamic overshoot is the reason the calculation is done at all. Treating both as equal would mean expecting a ninety-second mode to matter in a one-second event.
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