Discussion
Which mycorrhizae penetrate the cell wall of plant root and form arbuscules for carbon/nutrient exchange ?
Answer: D
The mycorrhizae are VAM, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae.
The fungi of VAM (arbuscular mycorrhizae, phylum Glomeromycota) grow between the root cortex cells and penetrate their cell walls, though not the plasma membrane, forming finely branched arbuscules inside the cells. The arbuscules are where the plant's carbon is exchanged for the phosphorus and other nutrients the fungus gathers.
Ericoid mycorrhizae form hyphal coils in the roots of heaths, arbutoid mycorrhizae form a sheath and coils in Arbutus, and orchid mycorrhizae form coils called pelotons. None of them makes arbuscules.
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