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Let A be an n × n matrix with all entries equal to 1. Then :

  • A.All eigenvalues of A are positive
  • B.0 is an eigenvalue of A with multiplicity 1
  • C.A has at least three distinct eigenvalues
  • D.A has exactly one non-zero eigenvalue

Answer: D

A has exactly one non-zero eigenvalue, namely n.

Every row of A is the same, so A has rank 1 and its null space has dimension \(n - 1\): the eigenvalue 0 has multiplicity \(n - 1\). The trace is n, which equals the sum of the eigenvalues, so the remaining eigenvalue is n, with eigenvector \((1, 1, \ldots, 1)\).

So for \(n \ge 2\) the eigenvalues are 0 (repeated \(n - 1\) times) and n. That rules out 'all eigenvalues positive', '0 has multiplicity 1' (it has multiplicity \(n - 1\)), and 'at least three distinct eigenvalues' (there are only two).

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