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Which one of the following options is the most appropriate match between the items given in Column 1 and Column 2?

Column 1Column 2
(i) Visible lightP. Transition between core energy levels of atoms
(ii) X-raysQ. Transition between nuclear energy levels
(iii) Gamma raysR. Pair production
(iv) Thermal neutronsS. Crystal structure determination
T. Photoelectric effect

  • A.(i) - T; (ii) - P,S,T; (iii) - Q,R; (iv) - S
  • B.(i) - P,T; (ii) - S; (iii) - R,S; (iv) - S,T
  • C.(i) - T; (ii) - R,S; (iii) - Q,R; (iv) - S
  • D.(i) - S,T; (ii) - P,S; (iii) - R,T; (iv) - S

Answer: A

The best match is (i) - T; (ii) - P,S,T; (iii) - Q,R; (iv) - S.

  • Visible light ejects electrons from metal surfaces with low work functions: the photoelectric effect (T).
  • X-rays come from transitions between inner (core) electron levels (P), have wavelengths comparable to atomic spacings and so reveal crystal structure (S), and also cause photoemission (T).
  • Gamma rays come from transitions between nuclear energy levels (Q), and above 1.022 MeV they can create electron-positron pairs (R).
  • Thermal neutrons have de Broglie wavelengths of about an angstrom and are used for crystal (and magnetic) structure determination (S).

The other options credit visible light with core transitions or crystal structure determination, or X-rays with pair production, or thermal neutrons with the photoelectric effect, none of which fits.

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