Discussion
Statement I: a Harvard machine can fetch an instruction and a data word in the same cycle. Statement II: a Harvard machine has separate buses for program and data.
Answer: D
Correct answer: both statements are true and the second explains the first
Both are true and the second is the reason for the first. Separate program and data buses mean an instruction fetch and a data access use different physical paths, so they can proceed in the same cycle instead of competing. A von Neumann machine shares one bus and must serialise them - the bottleneck the Harvard architecture exists to remove, which is why it dominates in microcontrollers and digital signal processors.
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